When Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) reached Madina the first thing he does is to build a Masjid. All affairs of the state along with Prayers were conducted in Masjid. Hazrat Umar suggested introducing Azan to calling people for prayer and Hazrat Bilal was appointed to do this job. In the second year of Hijrat Fasting was made obligatory for all Muslims except children.
Zakat was also made obligatory in the same year for all rich Muslims. All says in the Quran. When Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) led the Asr prayers, Allah ordered him to change the direction of prayers from Masjid Al-Aqsa to Kaaba. This also happened in the second year of Hijrat.
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) and other Muslims immediately turned their faces towards Kaaba. Allah allows Muslims to fight against the unbelievers in the month of Safar, the second year of Hijrat.
When Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) heard that the Quraish were advancing towards Madina to attack he immediately called the Muslims to take necessary steps. Total Muslims are three hundred and thirteen who participate in this battle. Badr is a village where Quraish stopped and occupied all important positions and they have a huge quantity of food supply with them and also have a large number of horses and camels.
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) and his companion when they reached Badr are less equipped with arms and there was no water in the place where they occupied. Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) prayed to Allah to help them against the enemies. The prayer was accepted and there was rain and the Muslims collected sufficient water for their use.
Allah granted victory to the Muslims. Famous chiefs of Quraish included Utba, Shaiba, and Abu Jahl killed along with the other seventy Quraish. Seventy persons were taken to prisoners. Only fourteen people were lost from the Muslim side, six Muhajirin, and eight Ansar. Islam gained a major boost after battling Badr. Quraish did not forget their defeat in the Badr battle. Quraish leader Abu Sufyan went to meet the Jews and promised to raise a strong army and they formed a three thousand men force to attack Madina.
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) consulted his companions about the best way to meet the enemy. Quraish camped at the foot of a hill three miles to the north of Madina.
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) with one thousand companions advanced towards Uhad. One of the leaders Abdullah bin Ubbay with three hundred companions refuses to go with him. He excuses that Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) had turned down his suggestions of fighting the enemy from inside the city.
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) reached Uhad with the remaining seven hundred men. He posted fifty men to protect the Uhad mountain and defend the Muslims from any possible attack from behind. He gave strict instructions that in any situation they did not leave from there. When the battle start, the Quraish attack first and under the command of Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) Muslims fought bravely and killed and wounded many warriors of the enemy.
When archers saw that enemy lost the battle they left their posts. Khalid bin Waleed the head of the enemy cavalry saw the Muslims left from their post then he attacked from behind. They tried to reach the spot of Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH). He was wounded in the head and face and lost one of his teeth.
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) stood firmly and called Muslims to come back. They rejoined the battle after seeing their leader and group of companions move him to the protected area. Muslims put up a determined fight. Both parties were exhausted then each army prepared to leave.
Hazrat Muhammad's (PBUH) uncle Hazrat Hamza was killed by Hinda, wife of Abu Sufyan, in this encounter and a total of seventy Muslims were killed and forty injured while the enemy lost thirty men. The Jews tribe of Banu Nazir who had settled at Khyber kept on plotting against Muslims. Their chiefs went to Makkah to meet Quraish and asked for help against Muslims which they agree. They also went to other tribes for support and some of the tribes agree to support them. They marched to Madina with an army of ten thousand men. When Hazrat Mohammad (PBUH) heard the news he consulted with his companions.
Hazrat Salman Farsi advised digging a trench because Madina was safe from three sides. The fourth side was unsafe which was on Syrian dug and open to attack. Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) worked with his companion to dig the trench. Islam emerged successfully and was more firmly established than ever. In 6th year of Hijrat, Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) decided to go to Makkah to perform Umrah. Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) with fourteen hundred companions set out for Makkah to perform Umrah. Quraish already decided not to allow Muslims to perform Umrah.
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) stopped at Hudaibiya, a place three miles away from Makkah. He send a messenger to Quraish and inform them that they had come to Makkah to perform Umrah and had no intention of war.
When the messenger did not return then Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) sent the second messenger, but when the second messenger also did not return Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) sent Hazrat Usman.
He too was detained by Quraish and a rumor spread that he was killed. Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) collected all his followers and took from them the oath. This oath is known as Bait-e-Rizwan. When Quraish heard this and they decided to negotiate a treaty of peace with the Muslims. It was called the Treaty of Hudaibiya. It had the following terms:
- Muslims would return to Madina that year.
- They would allow to come next year to perform Umrah but stay only for three days.
- If a Quraish from Makkah should join the Muslims without permission from his guardians, he would be sent back to Makkah. But if a Muslim went to Makkah he would not be sent back.
- Neither party will fight for ten years.
Hazrat Umar and other Muslims are not happy with this Treaty but Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) accepted them with the command of Allah. This is the turning point of Islam which laid the foundation of success.
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) decided in the 7th year of Hijri to invite the kings and rulers of the neighboring countries to embrace Islam. The letter was sent through special messengers. Below are the Kings to whom Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) send his letters.
- Heraclius, the Roman Emperor.
- Chosroes, Emperor of Persia.
- Negus, Emperor of Abyssinia.
- Cyrus, Ruler of Egypt.
- The Rulers of Bahrain and Oman.
In the same year, with sixteen hundred army Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) marched to the Jews of Khyber. There was a force of about 20,000 Jews in forts where they showered arrows on the Muslim army.
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) ordered an attack. The Muslims captured all fortress without any difficulty but the fight prolonged to twenty days at Qamus fort. Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) sent Hazrat Ali as commander of the troops. Marhab the famous warrior of the Jews came out of the fort to fight against Hazrat Ali but Hazrat Ali killed him in the first attack. Then a fierce battle started in which Muslims captured the fort.
Performance of Umrah
According to the Treaty of Hudaibiya, Muslims could perform Umrah next year.
Before leaving to Makkah Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) asked his companions not to take any arms with them.
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) reached Makkah and then perform Umrah.
Conquest of Makkah
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) left Madinah on the 10th of Ramzan 8 A.H, with ten thousand men. Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) divided into four groups and gave instructions to all that no blood was to be shed and they were not to fight unless they were attacked.
Quraish did not see such a disciplined, well-armed army and offered no resistance. Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) announced a general pardon, before reaching Makkah except for those people who were the bitterest enemies of Islam.
He announced that anyone who laid down his arms would be safe, anyone who took refuge in the house of Abu Sufyan is safe and anyone who closed the door of his house would be safe. All these promises were fully kept and the entry of the Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) army into Makkah was absolutely peaceful.
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) proceeded to the Masjid-e-Haram and performed Tawaf of the Kaabah. After performing Tawaf, he entered the Kaabah and ordered the destruction of the three hundred and sixty idols which had been placed by non-believers in the Kaabah.
When Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) came out of the Kaabah there was a huge crowd of the Quraish waiting for him. Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) asked them what treatment they could expect at his hands. They cried out: “You are a noble brother and a noble cousin.”
On this Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) said, “There shall be no reproach against you this day, go, you are free!”. He freely forgave the Quraish. Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) stayed in Makkah for fifteen days.
During this time the neighboring Arab tribes also came to Makkah and embraced Islam. After appointing a governor Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) left Makkah.
Tabuk Battle
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) in the 9th year of Hijrat that the Roman Emperor had organized a huge army, therefore Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) ordered that preparations be made to meet this challenge.
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) made an appeal for donations, and Hazrat Usman gave one thousand gold dinars and three hundred camels. Hazrat Umar contributed half of all his cash, household goods, and cattle and Hazrat Abu Bakr donated everything. Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) left Madina with an army of thirty thousand men. Romans were demoralized after seeing the strength of the Muslim army and dispersed without any fighting.
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) stayed at Tabuk for twenty days, during which a number of tribes came and embraced Islam. When Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) returned to Madina, those who had not joined the expedition came to make their excuses.
Three true believers, however, admitted their mistake. They were pardoned by Allah while the others were condemned by the Holy Quran. The Tabuk expedition was the last military expedition in which the Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) personally took part.
10th Year of Hijrat
The most important event of the 10th year of Hijrat was the Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) farewell pilgrimage – Hajjat-ul-Wida.
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) left Madina on the 25th of Ziqad, 10. A.H. in the company of one hundred fourteen thousand of his followers with all his wives to perform Hajj.
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) delivered his last sermon in Arafah. This sermon is not only remarkable but it is also very significant because it contains an imperishable message for mankind.
11th Year of Hijrat
Illness and Death
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) became ill during the month of Safar. On the fifth day of his illness, he shifted to the house of Hazrat Aisha.
After thirteen days of illness, he breathed his last on the 12th of Rabi-ul-Awwal at the age of 63. He was buried at the same place where he died.
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